Number 1. (in 1 part) June 25, 2014
1. Galina V. Bolonina, Michail M. Iolin, Tatyana S. Chigina
The Geoecological Assessment of Intra-State Reservoirs
European Geographical Studies, 2014, Vol.(2), № 2, pp. 44-50.
Number of views: 2444 Download in PDF
2. Z.V. Elchaninova, Irina S. SharovaEuropean Geographical Studies, 2014, Vol.(2), № 2, pp. 44-50.
Abstract:
The article values on the basis of studies the reservoirs on the urbanized areas on the example of Astrakhan city. The article gives the results of research in the period of 2010 to 2014 years. It identifies the main sources of aquatic systems` contamination and gives ways to solve the optimization problems of the negative impact of contaminants on the aquatic environment. The research topic is relevant due to the fact that the tendency of environmental degradation of the small rivers of Astrakhan, their exhaustion, not least due to the imperfection of environmental law, including in the sphere of water legislation. Nowadays, the analysis of the quality of the aquatic environment has got not only environmental but also economic importance, because of the need to assess the suitability of water for recreational, household, food and other purposes. All of it requires the use of fast, good reproducibility, adequate and inexpensive methods of testing.
The article values on the basis of studies the reservoirs on the urbanized areas on the example of Astrakhan city. The article gives the results of research in the period of 2010 to 2014 years. It identifies the main sources of aquatic systems` contamination and gives ways to solve the optimization problems of the negative impact of contaminants on the aquatic environment. The research topic is relevant due to the fact that the tendency of environmental degradation of the small rivers of Astrakhan, their exhaustion, not least due to the imperfection of environmental law, including in the sphere of water legislation. Nowadays, the analysis of the quality of the aquatic environment has got not only environmental but also economic importance, because of the need to assess the suitability of water for recreational, household, food and other purposes. All of it requires the use of fast, good reproducibility, adequate and inexpensive methods of testing.
Number of views: 2444 Download in PDF
Evaluation of Hydrological Regime Volga River in the Astrakhan Region
European Geographical Studies, 2014, Vol.(2), № 2, pp. 51-54.
Number of views: 2590 Download in PDF
3. Elizbar Sh. Elizbarashvili, Аvtandil G. Amiranashvili, Otar Sh. Varazanashvili, Nino S. Tsereteli, Mariam E. Elizbarashvili, Shalva E. Elizbarashvili, Mixail G. PipiaEuropean Geographical Studies, 2014, Vol.(2), № 2, pp. 51-54.
Abstract:
This article deals with the problems that have arisen as a result of regulation of the water regime of the Volga River in Astrakhan region and methods of their solutions.
This article deals with the problems that have arisen as a result of regulation of the water regime of the Volga River in Astrakhan region and methods of their solutions.
Number of views: 2590 Download in PDF
Hailstorms in the Territory of Georgia
European Geographical Studies, 2014, Vol.(2), № 2, pp. 55-69.
Number of views: 2659 Download in PDF
4. Anna V. Fedotova, Lyudmila V. Yakovleva, Elena G. LoktionovaEuropean Geographical Studies, 2014, Vol.(2), № 2, pp. 55-69.
Abstract:
The material of observations of 50 meteorological stations, covering the period from 1961 – 2012, was used to study the number of days of hailstorm, periods of their fall, their intensity, duration and areas of hailstorms. Intensity was classified and a geoinformational map of regularity of hailstorms was developed. Obtained results will be used upon the resumption of fight against hailstorms.
The material of observations of 50 meteorological stations, covering the period from 1961 – 2012, was used to study the number of days of hailstorm, periods of their fall, their intensity, duration and areas of hailstorms. Intensity was classified and a geoinformational map of regularity of hailstorms was developed. Obtained results will be used upon the resumption of fight against hailstorms.
Number of views: 2659 Download in PDF
The Environmental Problems of the Delta Areas (on the Example of the Delta of the Volga)
European Geographical Studies, 2014, Vol.(2), № 2, pp. 70-74.
Number of views: 2329 Download in PDF
5. Avtandil GelagutashviliEuropean Geographical Studies, 2014, Vol.(2), № 2, pp. 70-74.
Abstract:
The ecosystem of the Lower Volga exists and grows depending on the variable and peculiar mode of the river Volga. The levels of floods and their duration are directly dependent on the flow of the Volga and the level of the Caspian Sea. In the period of intense uplift of the Caspian Sea and the Volga flow increased the height of spring-summer floods and their duration significantly increased, which caused the redistribution of soluble salts in the soil. Adapting to such a mode of soil when the soil depending on the location and the intensity of floods is salinizated or desalinizited, on this part of the delta the unique biocenosis forme. The observations carried out by the authors, suggest that changes in the structure and thecomposition of the plant communities have a directional character. During the lowering of the Caspian Sea and the low flood the halophytizatongrass occurs, and with increasing water content of the area (and reducing the salt content) of the soil are as in flood plain. The industrial complex of the city is represented in shipbuilding, timber and fish processing industry. The leading industries is engineering, electric power, food processing. The region has extensive natural resources (fish, minerals, land). The region is almost inexhaustible supplies of gas, oil, sulfur and salt. In the region there are five oil and gas fields, and one gray-gas condensate, which is the largest in Europe. Compared with other regions, Astrakhan is located in a region with relatively high average annual temperature that causes high activity of biological organisms in the aquatic complexes. Urbanization leads to a change in the hydrological regime of urban ponds and streams, affect the water balance, hydrochemical regime change due to discharge of sewage: industrial, household, stormwater, wastewater from construction sites. All this calls for an objective assessment of its current state. The hydrochemical analysis showed that the content of pollutants in the municipal water reservoirs significantly exceeds the background values, whereby an aqueous medium becomes unsuitable for living organisms. The high toxicity of the environment and confirm the results of the parallel bioassay. The existing work has revealed an extremely unfavorable ecological situation in the territory of Astrakhan. The conducted comparative analysis of content in water reservoirs of all intra-toxic substances identified the trend of ecological deterioration of the situation in terms of time.
The ecosystem of the Lower Volga exists and grows depending on the variable and peculiar mode of the river Volga. The levels of floods and their duration are directly dependent on the flow of the Volga and the level of the Caspian Sea. In the period of intense uplift of the Caspian Sea and the Volga flow increased the height of spring-summer floods and their duration significantly increased, which caused the redistribution of soluble salts in the soil. Adapting to such a mode of soil when the soil depending on the location and the intensity of floods is salinizated or desalinizited, on this part of the delta the unique biocenosis forme. The observations carried out by the authors, suggest that changes in the structure and thecomposition of the plant communities have a directional character. During the lowering of the Caspian Sea and the low flood the halophytizatongrass occurs, and with increasing water content of the area (and reducing the salt content) of the soil are as in flood plain. The industrial complex of the city is represented in shipbuilding, timber and fish processing industry. The leading industries is engineering, electric power, food processing. The region has extensive natural resources (fish, minerals, land). The region is almost inexhaustible supplies of gas, oil, sulfur and salt. In the region there are five oil and gas fields, and one gray-gas condensate, which is the largest in Europe. Compared with other regions, Astrakhan is located in a region with relatively high average annual temperature that causes high activity of biological organisms in the aquatic complexes. Urbanization leads to a change in the hydrological regime of urban ponds and streams, affect the water balance, hydrochemical regime change due to discharge of sewage: industrial, household, stormwater, wastewater from construction sites. All this calls for an objective assessment of its current state. The hydrochemical analysis showed that the content of pollutants in the municipal water reservoirs significantly exceeds the background values, whereby an aqueous medium becomes unsuitable for living organisms. The high toxicity of the environment and confirm the results of the parallel bioassay. The existing work has revealed an extremely unfavorable ecological situation in the territory of Astrakhan. The conducted comparative analysis of content in water reservoirs of all intra-toxic substances identified the trend of ecological deterioration of the situation in terms of time.
Number of views: 2329 Download in PDF
The Kingdom of Kakheti (the 15th-17th Centuries): Urban Trade and Trade Routes
European Geographical Studies, 2014, Vol.(2), № 2, pp. 75-80.
Number of views: 2473 Download in PDF
6. European Geographical Studies, 2014, Vol.(2), № 2, pp. 75-80.
Abstract:
This article examines issues related to trade relations in Kakheti towns in the 15th-17th centuries. The author examines the economic development of the Kingdom of Kakheti, as well as Kakheti’s participation in international trade affairs. The article does not overlook the subject of the protection of trade routes from incursions either. As a result of conducting the study, the author comes to the conclusion that it was the lively trade that ensured the financial foundation of the Crown and provided for the basic needs of the population. In addition, the creation of the trade route triggered the involvement of virtually all the towns and all the crucial gateways in the Kingdom of Kakheti in trade relations, which eventually determined their positive, dynamic development. In the end, the Kingdom of Kakheti turned into a powerful political force in the Transcaucasus and fulfilled a crucial role in Persian-Russian relations.
This article examines issues related to trade relations in Kakheti towns in the 15th-17th centuries. The author examines the economic development of the Kingdom of Kakheti, as well as Kakheti’s participation in international trade affairs. The article does not overlook the subject of the protection of trade routes from incursions either. As a result of conducting the study, the author comes to the conclusion that it was the lively trade that ensured the financial foundation of the Crown and provided for the basic needs of the population. In addition, the creation of the trade route triggered the involvement of virtually all the towns and all the crucial gateways in the Kingdom of Kakheti in trade relations, which eventually determined their positive, dynamic development. In the end, the Kingdom of Kakheti turned into a powerful political force in the Transcaucasus and fulfilled a crucial role in Persian-Russian relations.
Number of views: 2473 Download in PDF